Hemileia vastatrix (#)

„Coffee rust is characterized by yellow-orange powdery lesions on the abaxial surface of leaves where it attacks through stomata; it rarely occurs on stems or fruit.  All Coffea genotypes are susceptible to some degree, though cultivars such as Timor and Icatu exhibit a high resistance (Ferreira and Boley, 1991).  Additional Rubiaceae can also be infected (Coutinho et al. 1995).  Impaired photosynthesis, premature defoliation, and reduced floral initiation constitute most of the damage (Brown et al. 1995).  This reduced photosynthetic capacity and the heavy carbohydrate sink created by fruits limit the amount the growth of woody tissue that gives rise to the next season's crop.  Therefore, the following season's crop is reduced.  In fact, losses due to coffee leaf rust can reach 70%, although 15-20% is more typical (Ferreira and Boley, 1991; Brown et al.“

http://www.coffeeresearch.org/agriculture/ hemileiavastatrix.htm - Cached

Timeforcoffee.com (#)

„Santos coffee, named for one of the principal ports through which it is shipped, comes mainly from the original Bourbon strain of Coffea arabica brought to Brazil in the eighteenth century from the island of Bourbon, now Reunion. For the first three or four years these trees produce a small, curly bean that coffee people call Bourbon Santos. This is the highest-grade coffee Brazil produces, and it will more than likely be the coffee a store sells as Brazilian.“

http://www.timeforcoffee.com/coffeetime/ country2.asp - Cached

The Coffee Review - the world's leading coffee buying guide (#)

„For those who just walked into the coffee movie, most of the coffee grown commercially in the world comes from trees of two species: arabica and robusta. Coffea arabica is the original commercial species of coffee, the one that Kaldi's tiresomely celebrated goats ate, the species that first sold human beings on the pleasures of the cup. Robusta, the popular name for Coffea canephora, is a lower-growing, higher bearing, more disease-resistant species first grown commercially in the early 20th century.All sorts of factors influence how green coffees taste, but if you were served a robusta and an arabica that were perfectly and uniformly handled from tree to cup, you would find that the robusta tastes heavier, more neutral, less like "coffee" and more like roasted grain, vaguely sweet and nutty. The arabica would taste brighter and drier (i.e.“

http://www.coffeereview.com/article.cfm?id=53 - Cached

What Is Coffee? - National Coffee Association (#)

„Coffee traces its biological heritage to a genus of plants known as Coffea.  Within the genus there are over 500 genera and 6,000 species of tropical trees and shrubs.  The genus was first described in the 18th century by the Swedish botanist, Carolus Linneaus, who also described Coffea arabica in his Species Plantarum in 1753.  Botanists have disagreed ever since on the exact classification.  This is understandable considering that coffee plants can range from small shrubs to tall trees, with leaves from 1 to 40 centimeters in size, and from purple or yellow, to the predominant dark green, in color. It has been estimated that there are anywhere from 25 to 100 species of coffee plants.“

http://www.ncausa.org/public/pages/ index.cfm?pageid=67 - Cached

Virtual Coffee: Feature Articles (#)

„Ah, to prepare an intoxicating cup of coffee (or tea, of course). Brewing methods are the means to enjoying our beguiling brews–the artistic side of Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis. Certainly, we're all familiar with the craft of pulling shots from a gleaming espresso machine or dropping loose tea leaves into a decorative infuser, but remember: Brewing coffee and tea was an art in its own right far before the invention of espresso machines and fancy infusers. Take the Ethiopian coffee ceremony–a ritualistic ode to coffee born long before the idea of brewing coffee even entered into the consciousness of much of the world.“

http://www.virtualcoffee.com/october_2000/ brewing_methods.html - Cached

Mestadels italienskt kaffe (#)

„VäxtenKaffe tillhör Rubiaceae familjen dit ytterligare drygt 500 släkten med med är 8000 arter hör.Åtminstones 66 arter av släktet Coffea finns. Av dessa odlas två stycken kommersiellt, Robusta och Arabica.NamnArabicaRobustaArt namnCoffea ArabicaCoffea CanephoraOdlas i:generellt settSydamerika, CentralamerikaSydostasien, AfrikaOdlas på höjd över havet:600-2 200 m0-800 mTemperatur, C °15-2418-36Regnmängd, mm/år1 200- 2 2002 200-3 000Mognadstid, (för bäret)7-9 månader9-11 månaderKoffeinhalt, %0,9-1,4 (medel 1,2)1,8-4,0 (medel 2,2)Fakta om de två sorterna som odlas“

http://hem.bredband.net/akeisr/caffe/ coffeasve.html - Cached

Café de Colombia - COFFEE TREES (#)

„Of these three, Coffea arabica is the most cultivated (90%) and valued of the species.CoffeaCanephora CoffeaLiberica COFFEA ARABICA The tree measures between 3 and 5 meters high ( 9 to 15 feet) and can grow to about 10 meters (33 feet) in height. However, during cultivation the tree is pruned to around 2 meters in height (6.6 feet), which permits regular flowering and easier harvesting. Depending on the variety of the tree, the trunk is between 8 and 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) in diameter.“

http://www.juanvaldez.com/menu/history/ trees.html - Cached

Tea & Coffee 04/03 - Coffee With Aloha Spirit: The 32nd Annual Kona Coffee Cultural Festival (#)

„The first coffee seedlings to reach Hawaii arrived in Honolulu in 1813. In 1828 an American missionary transplanted a Coffea arabica cutting to Kona, leading to the establishment of this western coastal area’s first farms. The first coffee laborers on the island were from China, but after they fulfilled the labor contracts to which they had been committed, many immediately left their jobs for urban centers, or started their own farms. Then, says Sheree Chase, curator, Kona Historical Society, “there was a push by land owners to recruit American and Europeans to take up the coffee land during a short boom around 1870s.“

http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0403/coffee.htm - Cached

Indiacoffee - Indian Coffee, Monthly magazine - Cover Story - The North-East Coffee Eco-Type (#)

„Gradually in the early 20th century Arabica coffee made its entry in North-East, albeit on a small scale. By the 1940s, the North-East tea heartland had 100 acres of Arabica coffee, cultivated in small holdings in the same Khasi and Jaintia hills, considered as the centres of origin of Coffea khasiana and Coffea jenkensii. Land survey reports of the 1940s indicate the replacement of the indigenous coffee varieties by exotics in the region. This shift could have been induced by the inability of the indigenous species to change into commercial propositions.“

http://www.indiacoffee.org/newsletter/12/ coverstory.html - Cached

Supermarket Coffee vs. Specialty Store Coffee (#)

„On the contrary, coffee trees, if left unpruned, can reach up to approximately thirty feet. Coffea Robusta tend to be a hardier, more disease-resistant bean which are less expensive to maintain and produce a higher yield than other commercial beans. Harvesting and drying of the beans is often less careful resulting in off flavors at times due to irregularities in the bean. Consequently these are used for the less expensive supermarket canned and instant coffees.“

http://www.sallys-place.com/beverages/coffee/ supermarket.htm - Cached

TINY JOY NOV-DEC 99 (#)

„Arabica is the only species (out of 600 or so) in the genus Coffea to be autogamous, meaning that it can fertilize itself with its own pollen resulting in distinct cultivars with distinct cup qualities. Also interesting to note is that wild coffea varieties (which would make awful coffee too) have 22 chromosomes, Canephora has 22, but some time long ago Arabica was formed naturally in the Harar region of Ethiopia by the cross of 2 wild coffee species followed by a spontaneous natural duplication of its chromosomes to 44. Bless that day!“

http://www.sweetmarias.com/tiny_joy_html/ tinyjoy.nov-dec99.html - Cached

Tea & Coffee 01/03 - A Place for Robustas in the World of Gourmet Coffees (#)

„While most Robustas find themselves in dire straits, their trouble is not caused by the robusta variety per se. Coffea Canephora which is the scientific name of the robusta plant, is in no way “worse” than Coffea Arabica. The latter has just fared better in policies, processing, selection and especially marketing. Gourmet Robustas are already produced, although still almost confidentially, and they prove to be excellent, with appearance and cup qualities different from those of Arabicas, but equally appealing.“

http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0103/special.htm - Cached

International Coffee Organization (#)

„There are probably at least 25 major species, all indigenous to tropical Africa and certain islands in the Indian Ocean, notably Madagascar. Difficulties in classification and even in designation of a plant as a true member of the Coffea genus arise because of the great variation in the plants and seeds. All species of Coffea are woody, but they range from small shrubs to large trees over 10 metres tall; the leaves can be yellowish, dark green, bronze or tinged with purple.“

http://www.ico.org/acoff/botan.htm - Cached

The Coffee Review - the world's leading coffee buying guide (#)

„Caturra.  A relatively recently selected botanical variety of the Coffea arabica species that generally matures more quickly, produces more coffee, and is more disease resistant than older, traditional arabica varieties. Many experts contend that the caturra and modern hybrid varieties of Coffea arabica produce coffee that is inferior in cup quality and distinction to the coffee produced by the traditional "old arabica" varieties like bourbon and typica. “

http://www.coffeereview.com/ glossary.cfm?alpha=c - Cached

India coffee-monthly magazine- Cover Story-Pesticide Residues In Coffee- An Overview (#)

„Large-scale field releases of this parasitoid have beeji taken up in the berry borer infested areas and in many cases it has been established and spread to nearby areas. The other parasitoid, Phymastihcus coffea is also under field evaluation now. The large-scale use of broca traps and the establishment of the parasitoid resulted in reduction of pesticide use considerably. At present, irrespective of size of holdings, spraying of endosulfan or chlorpyrifos is adopted only as spot applications.“

http://www.indiacoffee.org/newsletter/2003/oct/ cover_story.html - Cached

Invisible Communications in Coffee Plantations (INeedCoffee.com) (#)

„In a study involving 25 to 30 year old Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora), the microbial examination of the inside of the root (Histosphere or Endorhizosphere) as well as surface and surrounding areas of the root (Rhizosphere) revealed the presence of a vast microbial community surrounding and on the surface and inside of root and root hairs. Bacteria were found to be localized in colonies and chains. Filamentous fungi and actinomycetes were also observed.“

http://www.ineedcoffee.com/03/invisible/ print.asp - Cached

South America (#)

„Santos coffee, named for one of the principal ports throughwhich it is shipped, comes mainly from the original Bourbon strain of Coffea arabicabrought to Brazil in the eighteenth century from the island of Bourbon, now Reunion. Forthe first three or four years these trees produce a small, curly bean that coffee peoplecall Bourbon Santos. This is the highest-grade coffee Brazil produces, and it will morethan likely be the coffee a store sells as Brazilian.“

http://www.koffeekorner.com/southamerica.htm - Cached

The Coffee Review - the world's leading coffee buying guide (#)

„Robusta produces about 30% of the world's coffee. It is a lower-growing, higher-bearing tree that produces full-bodied but bland coffee of inferior cup quality and higher caffeine content than Coffea arabica. It is used as a basis for blends of instant coffee, and for less expensive blends of preground commercial coffee. It is not a factor in the specialty coffee trade except as a body-enhancing component in some Italian-style espresso blends.“

http://www.coffeereview.com/ glossary.cfm?alpha=r - Cached

The Coffee Review - the world's leading coffee buying guide (#)

„robusta, has advanced to major importance in world markets. The main advantages of robusta, as it is generally called by coffee professionals, are that it resists disease and that it grows successfully at lower altitudes than Coffea arabica. The bean, however, does not have the fragrance or flavor of the best arabica, or even of a decent coffee from the Brazils category, and, in general, demands the lowest prices in the world market.“

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Arabica vs Robusta: No Contest (INeedCoffee.com) (#)

„Arabica (Coffea arabica), named for the Arabs, is the better and more expensive of the two. These trees grow in semitropical climates near the equator, both in the western and eastern hemispheres, at high altitudes. Because ripe Arabica cherries (unroasted beans) fall to the ground and spoil, they must be carefully monitored and picked at intervals, which increases production costs.“

http://www.ineedcoffee.com/02/06/arabica/ - Cached

CoffeeGeek - Coffee: Home Roasting Talk, bourbon question... (#)

„In all seriousness, Craig is correct. If you google it, you can read up on the history to learn how some of the varietals of coffea arabica were developed. Bourbon is a major early line that was inculcated under the sponsorship of the Bourbon royal family of France and led to enormous economic changes early in coffee's trading history (before it was a commodity).“

http://www.coffeegeek.com/forums/coffee/homeroast/ 103754 - Cached

Indiacoffee - Indian Coffee, Monthly magazine - Cover Story - The North-East Coffee Eco-Type (#)

„The final point is regarding the desirability of undertaking a comprehensive ex-situ conservation scheme for the wild relatives of the native varieties such as the Coffea khasiana and Coffea jenkensii and on the need for carrying out analysis of indicator plants in coffee cultivation zones of the North-East.“

http://www.indiacoffee.org/newsletter/12/ coverstory1.html - Cached

Physiology of Coffee Flowering (INeedCoffee.com) (#)

„For.Eg. The britishers planted the OLD ROBUSTA variety of coffee (Coffea canephora) which literally grows into a tree if not pruned. The lifespan of this coffee is 100 years and it produces India’s finest ROBUSTA COFFEE which is used as a blend by International roasters and grinders. One has to learn from the behaviour of this particular bush.“

http://www.ineedcoffee.com/04/flowering/ - Cached

bbc.co.uk - Health - Complementary Medicine Homeopathic Remedies (#)

„A-IAconitum napellusAllium cepa Apis mellificaArnica montanaArsenicum albumBelladonnaBryonia albaCalendula officionalisCantharsis vesicatoriaCaulophyllumCausticumChamomillaChina officinalisCoffea crudaDrosera rotundifoliaEuphrasiaGelsemium sempervirensHamamelis virginicaHepar sulphuris calcareumHypericum perfoliatumIgnatia amaraIpecacuanha“

http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/complementary/ homeo.shtml - Cached

Hawaii Coffee Association (#)

„On the Big Island the nematode infests 25% of the coffee acreage and causing 20-100% yield loss. Objective is to develop transgenic Coffea arabica varieties expressing a rice and cowpea protease inhibitor that disrupts with the nematode feeding. The tissue culture plants are being evaluated in laboratories in Manoa, Aiea, and Hilo.“

http://www.hawaiicoffeeassoc.org/ 3_12_2003_minutes.htm - Cached

Cafe´ de Colombia - COFFEE BEANS (#)

„In Colombia, Arabica is exclusively grown. Coffea Robusta or canephora is commonly called Robusta. As the name indicates, this tree can withstand harsher temperatures and conditions than most. Considered by the trade to be less flavorful and aromatic than Arabica, it is widely used in instant and less expensive coffees.“

http://www.juanvaldez.com/menu/history/ beans.html - Cached

Amazon.com: Books: Subtropical Plants: A Practical Gardening Guide (#)

„Alternatively such an entry might be described as a few lines on a favorite species, preceded by a few lines on the genus and a few lines on a companion species. Information given is on gardening only and apparently very limited in accuracy (the author proclaims that Coffea has only a single important species!)“

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/asin/0881925446/ - Cached

bbc.co.uk - Health - Complementary Medicine Headaches (#)

„Homeopathy - Various remedies may help such as Belladonna 6c (for throbbing pain), Gelsemium 6c (for tension from neck to forehead), Coffea 6c (for boring pain and hypersensitivity), Iris versicolor 6c (visual disturbance and vomiting), or Kali Bichromicum 6c (visual disturbance eased by onset of migraine).“

http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/complementary/ conditions_headache.shtml - Cached

It's All About Coffee (#)

„The motivation is this: If I'm going to cultivate a private coffee reserve it might as well be exotic - I can buy coffea arabica anywhere. But if would be a shame to tend to Coffea dactylifera for five years only to discover it is toxic or worse.“

http://www.aboutcoffee.net/2003/05/ do-all-species-of-coffea-produce.html - Cached

Tea & Coffee 04/04 - Ethiopia Takes Control of Its Coffee (#)

„As a result a precedent has been set which is making traceability much easier. This will enable Ethiopia to hoist its reputation as the botanical home of Coffea arabica, with an almost fertilizer-free environment, producing a number of distinctive regional types.“

http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0404/coffee.htm - Cached

Bibliography (#)

„Nutman, F. 1933.  The Root System of Coffea Arabica L.  I: Root systems in typical soils of British East Africa.  II: The effect of some soil conditions in modifying the normal root system.  Emp J Exp Agric. 1: 271-84, 285-96.“

http://www.coffeeresearch.org/bibliography.htm - Cached

bbc.co.uk - Health - Complementary Medicine Insomnia (#)

„Homeopathy - The remedy, Coffea 6c, taken before sleeping, or every 30 minutes when awake during the night, can help if agitated or anxious. Constitutional remedies, tailored to the individual, can help if insomnia is chronic.“

http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/complementary/ conditions_insomnia.shtml - Cached

Coffee Glossary (#)

„The coffee species second in importance to "Coffea Arabica," "Coffea Robusta" is known by botanists as "Coffea Canephora."“

http://www.lucidcafe.com/glossary.html - Cached

It's All About Coffee (#)

„Coffee aficionados often assume that coffees from various origins taste different purely because they are grown in different climates and soils or produced by different botanical varieties of Coffea arabica.“

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It's All About Coffee (#)

„It is a generic term related to the fruit and seeds from the plants of the Coffea genus, as well as the products derived from those fruits and seeds in different processing and/or consuming stages.“

http://www.aboutcoffee.net/2003/02/ coffee-and-processes-in-producing.html - Cached

Tea & Coffee 08/02 - Product Showcase (#)

„Invigorating Body Polish - a unique blend of ground Coffea Arabica, Dead Sea salt and ssential oils, it exfoliates dead skin cells, draws impurities from the body and softens the skin.“

http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0802/product.htm - Cached

Amazon.com: Table of Contents: Coffee Biotechnology and Quality (#)

„16. Genetic polymorphism in species and hybrids ofCoffea revealed by RAPD; P.M. Ruas, et al. 17.Genetic fingerprinting of coffee leaf rust differentials with RAPDmarkers; S.“

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/ 0792365828?v=glance&vi=contents - Cached

Coffee Species: Exotic Types (#)

„One of the most interesting is the purple coffee (!), coffea stenophyla! The long narrow leaf is also very unusual compared to c. arabica and c.“

http://www.sweetmarias.com/coffeespecies.html - Cached

India Coffee- Indian Coffee, monthly magazine-Planter's World (#)

„Waweru, 1977. Defining optimum conditions and techniques for successful top working by cleft grafting in coffea arabica. Kenya Coffee, 42:207-218.“

http://www.indiacoffee.org/newsletter/8/ plantersworld.html - Cached

CoffeeGeek - Regional: United Kingdom, Coffea Coffee House Club (#)

„Had some junk mail about this place the other day  - see http://www.coffeauk.co.uk/ (link updated 17/11).“

http://www.coffeegeek.com/forums/worldregional/uk/ 88936 - Cached